要(yao)(yao)對(dui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)評價，首先要(yao)(yao)依賴于(yu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)技術(shu)。通常(chang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)技術(shu)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)類型。定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)能(neng)(neng)夠找出(chu)(chu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，估計(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)危(wei)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度；而(er)且(qie)定(ding)(ding)(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)計(ji)(ji)算出(chu)(chu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)生概率(lv)和(he)損失率(lv)。系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體技術(shu)方法(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有以(yi)下(xia)幾種(zhong)(zhong)： （1）故(gu)(gu)(gu)障樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)（FTA） 該(gai)方法(fa)(fa)于(yu)1962年起源于(yu)美(mei)國貝爾(er)電話研究(jiu)所。它既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)，又能(neng)(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)量計(ji)(ji)算，能(neng)(neng)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面地對(dui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)進行(xing)(xing)辨識(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)及預測評價，得(de)到了廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。它又稱(cheng)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)或(huo)(huo)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)邏輯樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)。 故(gu)(gu)(gu)障樹(shu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)演(yan)繹地表示故(gu)(gu)(gu)障事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)生原因(yin)(yin)及其(qi)(qi)邏輯關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯樹(shu)圖。上下(xia)層(ceng)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)結果(guo)原因(yin)(yin)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，它們用(yong)(yong)邏輯“與”“或(huo)(huo)”關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)連接。最后形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)棵倒立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)狀圖形。 故(gu)(gu)(gu)障樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)一(yi)般(ban)要(yao)(yao)經歷資料收集準備、事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)樹(shu)編制、定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)、預防措施制定(ding)(ding)(ding)幾個階段。 （2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)（ETA） ETA的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論基礎是(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策(ce)論。與FTA恰好(hao)相反，該(gai)方法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)原因(yin)(yin)到結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸納(na)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)。其(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)方法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)：從(cong)一(yi)個起因(yin)(yin)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)，按(an)(an)照事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)展過(guo)程(cheng)中事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)與不(bu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)，交替考(kao)慮成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功與失敗兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，然(ran)后再把(ba)這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)又分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起因(yin)(yin)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，堅持分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)下(xia)去(qu)，直到分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)最后結果(guo)為(wei)(wei)止。其(qi)(qi)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠看到事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動態發(fa)展過(guo)程(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)進行(xing)(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)時(shi)，各(ge)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)按(an)(an)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)概率(lv)來(lai)(lai)考(kao)慮，即后一(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)前一(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，后一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)選擇某一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)展途徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)前一(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)某種(zhong)(zhong)選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)概率(lv)。 （3）預先危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)（PHA） PHA應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)程(cheng)序計(ji)(ji)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)階段或(huo)(huo)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)概念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候。其(qi)(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)在(zai)(zai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)(qi)階段，去(qu)辨識(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)內原有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)危(wei)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)素，確定(ding)(ding)(ding)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等級(ji)。應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)PHA分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)方法(fa)(fa)，首先要(yao)(yao)把(ba)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)潛在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)調查(cha)(cha)清楚，然(ran)后研究(jiu)控制這(zhe)些危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，從(cong)而(er)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)出(chu)(chu)相應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制措施。系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)(cha)表是(shi)(shi)PHA分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)。如果(guo)在(zai)(zai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)(qi)階段應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)了PHA時(shi)，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)避免在(zai)(zai)以(yi)后因(yin)(yin)對(dui)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)因(yin)(yin)素考(kao)慮不(bu)周(zhou)而(er)返(fan)工，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人力、物力、財(cai)力和(he)時(shi)間上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費，從(cong)而(er)能(neng)(neng)確保系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效益。 （4）安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)(cha)表分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)技術(shu)（SCL） 安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)(cha)表是(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)(cha)，發(fa)現(xian)和(he)查(cha)(cha)明(ming)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)危(wei)險(xian)和(he)隱患、監督各(ge)項安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)章(zhang)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施，及時(shi)發(fa)現(xian)并(bing)制止違章(zhang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個有力工具。由(you)于(yu)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)檢查(cha)(cha)表可(ke)(ke)以(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先編制并(bing)組織實施，自20世紀(ji)30年代開(kai)(kai)始(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)來(lai)(lai)已發(fa)展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)預測和(he)預防事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)手段。