一、現場(chang)運行規(gui)程未納入反事故(gu)技術措施的要(yao)求

    查評中發(fa)現(xian)(xian)許多(duo)(duo)引進(jin)機組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)場運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)主要是(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)制(zhi)造(zao)廠(chang)提供的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)手冊等(deng)(deng)資料(liao)編訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)于部頒(ban)(ban)(ban)典型(xing)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)針對(dui)(dui)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)教訓(xun)總結(jie)(jie)制(zhi)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)內容，基本上(shang)求訂(ding)入現(xian)(xian)場運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)。部頒(ban)(ban)(ban)《電力生產安全工作(zuo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)》第(di)17條規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)：“現(xian)(xian)場運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)根(gen)據(ju)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、典型(xing)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)、反(fan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)和(he)(he)設備制(zhi)造(zao)說(shuo)明等(deng)(deng)制(zhi)訂(ding)。”引進(jin)機組(zu)可能在某些方(fang)面(mian)具有特(te)點(dian)，但基本工作(zuo)原理和(he)(he)特(te)性(xing)還是(shi)(shi)一致的(de)(de)(de)，部頒(ban)(ban)(ban)反(fan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)是(shi)(shi)總結(jie)(jie)多(duo)(duo)次事故(gu)(gu)(gu)教訓(xun)制(zhi)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。其中也包括引進(jin)機組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)教訓(xun)和(he)(he)國外的(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan)，對(dui)(dui)防(fang)止(zhi)各(ge)類事故(gu)(gu)(gu)具有很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)和(he)(he)科學性(xing)。建議電廠(chang)組(zu)織專業人員對(dui)(dui)照部頒(ban)(ban)(ban)典型(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)反(fan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)對(dui)(dui)本廠(chang)現(xian)(xian)場運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一次檢查修訂(ding)，把部頒(ban)(ban)(ban)典型(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)反(fan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)要求納入本廠(chang)現(xian)(xian)場運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)。特(te)別是(shi)(shi)有關(guan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)判斷(duan)、處理的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)制(zhi)造(zao)廠(chang)沒有明確規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)按部頒(ban)(ban)(ban)反(fan)事故(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)數據(ju)加(jia)以規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)。

    二、現場運行(xing)規程執行(xing)上(shang)存在(zai)的問題

    現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)各(ge)項(xiang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)依據和準繩，運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)設備(bei)發(fa)(fa)生異常或(huo)故(gu)(gu)障時(shi)，應(ying)由(you)(you)值(zhi)(zhi)班運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)員根(gen)據現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理，但查(cha)評中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)電廠(chang)(chang)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)主(zhu)蒸(zheng)溫(wen)度超(chao)過規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)極限值(zhi)(zhi)，本應(ying)按(an)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)立(li)即打(da)閘停(ting)(ting)機(ji)(ji)，但實際執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)還須請示(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)長甚至(zhi)請示(shi)(shi)廠(chang)(chang)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)同意(yi)后才(cai)能(neng)打(da)閘停(ting)(ting)機(ji)(ji)。事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)教訓表明這樣做將(jiang)導(dao)(dao)致設備(bei)擴大(da)損壞(huai)，造成(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)損失。比如運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)生主(zhu)蒸(zheng)汽帶水進(jin)(jin)入汽輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)時(shi)，若再請示(shi)(shi)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)同意(yi)，將(jiang)使機(ji)(ji)組(zu)造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)損壞(huai)。查(cha)評中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)電廠(chang)(chang)對主(zhu)蒸(zheng)溫(wen)度超(chao)過規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)極限，值(zhi)(zhi)班人(ren)員未按(an)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)打(da)閘停(ting)(ting)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，電廠(chang)(chang)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)按(an)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查(cha)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，并追究有關(guan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)值(zhi)(zhi)班人(ren)員未按(an)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任，從而推動了現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)該廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)真(zhen)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。為(wei)此建(jian)議電廠(chang)(chang)把按(an)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)停(ting)(ting)機(ji)(ji)權交給現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)值(zhi)(zhi)班人(ren)員，在(zai)設備(bei)異常運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)發(fa)(fa)生故(gu)(gu)障達(da)到現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)停(ting)(ting)機(ji)(ji)條件時(shi)，由(you)(you)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)值(zhi)(zhi)班人(ren)員根(gen)據現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理，而不需層(ceng)層(ceng)請示(shi)(shi)匯(hui)報、貽誤處(chu)(chu)(chu)理事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)。此外，各(ge)級領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)員（包(bao)括主(zhu)管運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)以(yi)及審查(cha)、批準現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)）都要帶頭執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，為(wei)值(zhi)(zhi)班運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)員做出表率，領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)若要修(xiu)改現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)某些規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)，應(ying)有科學(xue)根(gen)據，并應(ying)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)改程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序，不可(ke)以(yi)言代法(fa)，隨意(yi)修(xiu)改而降低現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴肅性。比如機(ji)(ji)組(zu)上(shang)下(xia)缸溫(wen)差不具備(bei)啟動條件，領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)不要臨時(shi)改動上(shang)下(xia)缸溫(wen)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，強行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)決定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)啟動機(ji)(ji)組(zu)，以(yi)免發(fa)(fa)生設備(bei)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)損壞(huai)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)。

    三(san)、運行(xing)值班人員的(de)技術素質(zhi)有待(dai)全(quan)面(mian)提高

    查評(ping)中在現(xian)場抽問部分運(yun)(yun)行(xing)值(zhi)班人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，發現(xian)有些值(zhi)班人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)一(yi)(yi)些主(zhu)要運(yun)(yun)行(xing)數(shu)據(ju)如(ru)臨界(jie)轉(zhuan)速、正常(chang)情走時(shi)間、正常(chang)盤車電流，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)機組原(yuan)始(shi)偏心(xin)值(zhi)等掌(zhang)握不(bu)確切；有的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監視屏(ping)幕(mu)較多，對(dui)有關(guan)記錄(lu)表計所記錄(lu)的(de)(de)內容不(bu)夠熟悉(xi)，例如(ru)對(dui)軸承鎢(wu)金溫度(du)的(de)(de)記錄(lu)曲(qu)線(xian)中哪條曲(qu)線(xian)對(dui)應(ying)哪一(yi)(yi)軸承末能準(zhun)確回答，對(dui)指示溫度(du)超過報警限值(zhi)未報警的(de)(de)，也沒(mei)有作(zuo)為異常(chang)對(dui)待。這種狀(zhuang)況(kuang)不(bu)利于提高(gao)安全運(yun)(yun)行(xing)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)。建議(yi)對(dui)值(zhi)班運(yun)(yun)行(xing)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)加強培訓，使他們熟練地掌(zhang)握有關(guan)設備運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎技術數(shu)據(ju)，了解(jie)這些數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)意義和作(zuo)用；提高(gao)熟悉(xi)設備、系統(tong)、表計、保護、自動裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)相(xiang)互間關(guan)系的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)；提高(gao)對(dui)各類故障的(de)(de)判斷(duan)、處(chu)理(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，了解(jie)不(bu)按各類故障處(chu)理(li)(li)規(gui)定進行(xing)故障處(chu)理(li)(li)將會產生的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)后(hou)果(guo)等等。以(yi)便在控制系統(tong)、保護自動裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)現(xian)異常(chang)情況(kuang)時(shi)，值(zhi)班運(yun)(yun)行(xing)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)能正確判斷(duan)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)正確處(chu)理(li)(li)，不(bu)使異常(chang)或故障進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)擴大。

    四(si)、尚未建立完整的超溫(wen)記錄

    國產機組(zu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)引進機組(zu)按制造(zao)廠的(de)(de)說(shuo)明，對主(zhu)蒸汽、再(zai)熱蒸汽溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)允許的(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)(chao)限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)，再(zai)熱蒸汽兩(liang)側溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)，主(zhu)、再(zai)蒸汽溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)等(deng)(deng)分(fen)檔次(ci)(ci)作了明確規(gui)定(ding)，并且規(gui)定(ding)每次(ci)(ci)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)超(chao)(chao)(chao)限(xian)不允許超(chao)(chao)(chao)過多(duo)少分(fen)鐘(zhong)，一年內累計(ji)不允許超(chao)(chao)(chao)過多(duo)少小時等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。這些規(gui)定(ding)雖計(ji)入了現場運行規(gui)程(cheng)，但查(cha)評中發現許多(duo)機組(zu)未建(jian)(jian)立超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)記錄簿，這就難(nan)以(yi)(yi)執行以(yi)(yi)上規(gui)定(ding)了。這種(zhong)狀況(kuang)對防止(zhi)(zhi)機組(zu)超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)引起(qi)故(gu)障和防止(zhi)(zhi)影(ying)響機組(zu)壽(shou)命(ming)是不利的(de)(de)。建(jian)(jian)議每臺(tai)機組(zu)建(jian)(jian)立專用(yong)的(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)記錄簿，由(you)運行值(zhi)(zhi)班人員將每次(ci)(ci)超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)起(qi)止(zhi)(zhi)時間(jian)(jian)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)幅度(du)(du)，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)再(zai)熱汽兩(liang)側溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)，主(zhu)、再(zai)蒸汽溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)超(chao)(chao)(chao)限(xian)的(de)(de)起(qi)止(zhi)(zhi)時間(jian)(jian)和幅度(du)(du)記入超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)記錄簿，以(yi)(yi)便有關專業人員統計(ji)分(fen)析超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)次(ci)(ci)數、幅度(du)(du)情況(kuang)和發生(sheng)超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)頻率，分(fen)析超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因，并采(cai)取(qu)改進措施。同時還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)據以(yi)(yi)統計(ji)全年累計(ji)超(chao)(chao)(chao)溫(wen)(wen)時間(jian)(jian)，為(wei)開展機組(zu)壽(shou)命(ming)管(guan)理(li)提供重要的(de)(de)技(ji)術數據。