鋼結構工程施工的安全評價防護

1、對高空(kong)墜落(luo)問題的預防

安(an)裝使用(yong)的工(gong)(gong)具(ju)，如扭矩扳手(shou)、撬棍、角磨機等應(ying)采用(yong)安(an)全保護繩，防(fang)(fang)止墜落。隨手(shou)用(yong)的螺栓墊片(pian)等應(ying)放人工(gong)(gong)具(ju)袋。施工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業中所有可能墜落的物件，應(ying)一律先進(jin)行撤(che)除或加以固(gu)定。在高空用(yong)氣割(ge)或電(dian)焊切割(ge)時，應(ying)采取措施防(fang)(fang)止割(ge)下的金屬(shu)、熔(rong)珠或火花落下傷人。

2、對高空墜(zhui)物(wu)傷人問題的預防

高(gao)空(kong)(kong)作業人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)攜帶(dai)各種工(gong)具(ju)、螺栓(shuan)等應(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)專(zhuan)用工(gong)具(ju)袋(dai)中放好，在(zai)(zai)高(gao)空(kong)(kong)傳(chuan)遞(di)物品時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)掛(gua)(gua)好安(an)全繩，不得(de)隨便拋(pao)擲(zhi)，以防傷(shang)人(ren)。吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)不得(de)在(zai)(zai)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)堆放或(huo)是懸掛(gua)(gua)零星(xing)物件(jian)(jian)(jian)，零星(xing)物品應(ying)(ying)(ying)用專(zhuan)用袋(dai)子上(shang)(shang)、下傳(chuan)遞(di)。構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)綁扎(zha)(zha)必(bi)須牢固(gu)，起(qi)吊(diao)(diao)點應(ying)(ying)(ying)通過構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重心(xin)位置。吊(diao)(diao)開(kai)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)平穩，避(bi)免振動或(huo)擺動，在(zai)(zai)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)就拉或(huo)固(gu)定前(qian)，不得(de)解開(kai)吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)索(suo)(suo)具(ju)，以防構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)墜(zhui)落傷(shang)人(ren)。對于鋼(gang)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，由于鋼(gang)梁(liang)(liang)為不規(gui)則工(gong)字鋼(gang)，綁扎(zha)(zha)點容易滑動，故(gu)特制一(yi)吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)懸掛(gua)(gua)點用的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)用鋼(gang)板δ=14mm厚(hou)鋼(gang)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)板，并(bing)用螺栓(shuan)與鋼(gang)梁(liang)(liang)上(shang)(shang)弦緊(jin)固(gu)。起(qi)吊(diao)(diao)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)，速(su)度不能(neng)太(tai)快，不能(neng)在(zai)(zai)高(gao)空(kong)(kong)停留太(tai)久，嚴禁猛升、降，以防構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)脫(tuo)落。構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后，應(ying)(ying)(ying)檢查各構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)和穩定情況，當連(lian)接(jie)(jie)確實安(an)全可靠(kao)，方可松鉤、卸索(suo)(suo)。吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)高(gao)空(kong)(kong)對接(jie)(jie)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)需綁好溜繩，控(kong)制其方向(xiang)。雨天(tian)作業時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)采取必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)防滑措(cuo)施(shi)，夜間作業應(ying)(ying)(ying)有充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)照明。特別指出，對于夾層吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)松鉤、卸索(suo)(suo)，施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)站在(zai)(zai)穩固(gu)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)梯子之上(shang)(shang)。嚴禁在(zai)(zai)高(gao)空(kong)(kong)向(xiang)下拋(pao)擲(zhi)物料(liao)。

3、對起重(zhong)設備的作業要求

吊(diao)裝時(shi)(shi)吊(diao)機(ji)(ji)應有專人(ren)指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)，指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)人(ren)員(yuan)應位(wei)于吊(diao)機(ji)(ji)司機(ji)(ji)視力所及地點，應能(neng)(neng)清楚地看到吊(diao)裝的全過(guo)程，起重工(gong)(gong)指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)手勢(shi)要準(zhun)確無誤(wu)，哨音要明亮，吊(diao)機(ji)(ji)司機(ji)(ji)要精力集中(zhong)，服(fu)從(cong)指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得擅自離開工(gong)(gong)作崗(gang)位(wei)。吊(diao)裝過(guo)程中(zhong)因(yin)設(she)備(bei)出現故(gu)障時(shi)(shi)中(zhong)斷(duan)作業時(shi)(shi)，必須采(cai)取措施進行處(chu)理，不(bu)(bu)(bu)得使構(gou)件(jian)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)處(chu)理懸(xuan)空狀(zhuang)態。風力大(da)于6級(ji)時(shi)(shi)禁止(zhi)吊(diao)裝作業。非(fei)司機(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)擅自進入(ru)駕駛室(shi)，起重機(ji)(ji)停止(zhi)作業時(shi)(shi)，應剎住回(hui)轉及行走機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。起重設(she)備(bei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)允許(xu)在(zai)斜坡道上工(gong)(gong)作，不(bu)(bu)(bu)允許(xu)起重機(ji)(ji)兩邊高低(di)差(cha)(cha)相差(cha)(cha)太多。如場(chang)地條件(jian)差(cha)(cha)，土質松軟，履帶吊(diao)下雖有走道板鋪墊，但雨(yu)后(hou)土質會變得更松軟，為防止(zhi)履帶吊(diao)在(zai)行走和吊(diao)裝時(shi)(shi)傾(qing)倒(dao)，現場(chang)需有其他(ta)機(ji)(ji)械配合(he)進行再次平整、壓實，避免發生事(shi)故(gu)。

4、對吊(diao)裝后結(jie)構失穩(wen)的預防(fang)

構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)吊裝(zhuang)就(jiu)位(wei)后(hou)(hou)，應經初校(xiao)和臨時(shi)固定(ding)(ding)或連接可靠后(hou)(hou)方可以(yi)卸鉤，最后(hou)(hou)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)后(hou)(hou)方可拆除固定(ding)(ding)工(gong)具或其(qi)他穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)置。屋蓋(gai)構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)吊裝(zhuang)，及(ji)時(shi)進行固定(ding)(ding)并按好屋面支撐系統(tong)，以(yi)保持(chi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)。長細比較大的構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)，未經就(jiu)位(wei)臨時(shi)固定(ding)(ding)組成一穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)單(dan)元(yuan)體(ti)(ti)系前(qian)，應設(she)溜繩子加地錨固定(ding)(ding)。對于整體(ti)(ti)較正后(hou)(hou)符合要(yao)求(qiu)的空間體(ti)(ti)系，應對所有連接螺栓進行檢查，并緊固達到要(yao)求(qiu)，以(yi)保證(zheng)其(qi)成為一個穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的空間剛度單(dan)元(yuan)。

5、對現場觸電(dian)事故的預防

現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)應執行一機、一箱、一閘(zha)、一漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)“三級(ji)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)兩級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)措施(shi)”。其電(dian)(dian)箱設(she)(she)(she)(she)門(men)(men)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)鎖，編號并注明(ming)責任人(ren)，要(yao)有(you)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)人(ren)員負責安裝、維護(hu)(hu)、管理、嚴禁非電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員隨意拆改。機械設(she)(she)(she)(she)備必須(xu)(xu)執行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作接(jie)地和重(zhong)復接(jie)地的(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)措施(shi)。安全(quan)評價(jia)電(dian)(dian)箱內(nei)所配(pei)置的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)閘(zha)、漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)(hu)裝置、熔絲(si)荷載必須(xu)(xu)與設(she)(she)(she)(she)備額定電(dian)(dian)流相等(deng)。不(bu)使用(yong)偏大或偏小(xiao)額定電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)熔絲(si)，嚴禁使用(yong)金屬代替電(dian)(dian)熔絲(si)。現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)源，按(an)(an)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地總平面圖布(bu)置的(de)(de)主電(dian)(dian)箱，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時按(an)(an)區域分別連(lian)接(jie)，線路穿鋼管加(jia)以(yi)防護(hu)(hu)。夜(ye)間照(zhao)明(ming)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)分段、分區根(gen)據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)需要(yao)臨(lin)時性布(bu)置。工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)下班(ban)前(qian)指派專(zhuan)人(ren)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)檢查，關(guan)閉電(dian)(dian)源及消滅(mie)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)遺留(liu)火種(zhong)等(deng)安全(quan)隱患(huan)，現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)線插頭、開關(guan)均設(she)(she)(she)(she)在(zai)開關(guan)箱內(nei)，停電(dian)(dian)后必須(xu)(xu)拉下電(dian)(dian)閘(zha)。電(dian)(dian)焊機二(er)次側安裝空載降(jiang)壓保護(hu)(hu)裝置。

6、對現場防火防爆問題的(de)預防

防火防爆措施要配備滅火器，并由專人監護。高空焊割必須設接火花斗，接火花斗內使用阻燃材料接熔珠，防止熔珠再次濺出。電、氣焊火花嚴禁落到氧氣瓶和乙炔瓶上。不能用油手接觸氧氣瓶，要防止起重機或其他機械油落到氧氣瓶上。現場有乙炔、氧氣瓶搬運要有防震措施，絕對禁止向地上拋擲，猛摔，同時避免在陽光下爆曬，并與火源保持10米以上距離。施工時還應注意防火，乙炔、氧氣按規定擺放，保證安全距離，現場易燃物品不得隨意堆放、拋棄，應集中堆放于安全位置。安全評價現場備好(hao)消防器(qi)材、工具(ju)，并有專門(men)消防保衛(wei)人員。